Jon Penney is an Associate Professor at Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, where he serves as York Research Chair in Artificial Intelligence, Data Governance, and the Law. A legal scholar and social scientist, his research examines the intersection of law, technology, and human rights, with particular attention to AI, machine learning, automation, privacy, security, and digital surveillance. He is a Faculty Associate at Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, a Research Fellow at the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab, and a Research Associate at Cornell University’s Citizens and Technology Lab, and has held research affiliations at Harvard and Princeton. His award-winning interdisciplinary research has received extensive international attention, and he is the author of Chilling Effects: Repression, Conformity, and Power in the Digital Age (Cambridge University Press, 2026), which examines how surveillance, law, and technology can shape behavior and threaten freedom and democracy.